Performance Degradation and Thermal Regulation in Photovoltaic Modules: A Critical Review of Cooling Approaches
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70112/tarce-2025.14.2.4285Keywords:
Photovoltaic Performance, Thermal Management, Cooling Techniques, Phase Change MaterialsAbstract
The growing global need for sustainable energy has accelerated the adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems as a clean source of power to replace fossil fuels. Nonetheless, environmental and operational conditions, including high temperature, variability in solar irradiance, wind speed, and dust accumulation, have a tremendous effect on PV module performance. Among these, temperature increase is one of the primary issues, as much of the absorbed solar energy is converted into heat, decreasing electrical power efficiency and accelerating module degradation. This review paper thoroughly analyzes the most important parameters governing PV performance and assesses current developments in thermal management approaches aimed at counteracting performance losses. These cooling techniques, including passive and active methods such as natural ventilation, forced air cooling, liquid-based cooling, thermoelectric cooling, and phase change material (PCM)-based cooling, are examined and compared with regard to performance improvement and practical applicability. The paper summarizes existing technological trends, the benefits and drawbacks of different cooling technologies, and future research perspectives aimed at improving the performance, reliability, and longevity of PV systems under different climatic conditions.
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